and 37: alli-, allium, -allium from Latin a.and 35: Aletris mealy, New Latin, from Gree.and 33: albescens becoming white, turning w. and 31: air-, airo Greek αιρω, airo, to.and 27: aganniphus -a -um of snow coverings.and 25: aest-, aesta-, aestatis, -aestatis.and 21: adr-, adro- Greek αδρος, adros.and 19: Adenocarpus, adenocarpus -a -um gla.and 17: actinophyllus -a -um with radiating.and 13: achotensis -is -e from the region o.and 11: accipit-, accipiter, -accipiter Lat.and 9: Abutilon Abu'tilon (ab-YOO-ti-lon).and 3: plural, hence the multiple forms al.Latin adjectives differ from English adjectives in that they agree with the noun in gender, masculine, feminine, or neuter, and number, singular or The genus name is a noun, and the specific (or trivial) epithet is an adjective describing the noun. If you wish to understand plant names, be of lighter heart, for the main concern is nouns and adjectives, mostly in the singular nominative or possessive, occasionally plural possessive, (-orum), and a few verb forms that are used as adjectives. If you are a taxonomist or botanical explorer and plan on finding and describing new plant species, then study, study, study decline and conjugate, decline and conjugate. However, Latin is not beyond the reach of the average to slightly-above-average high school freshman. (Indo-European is a highly inflected language group.) Classical Latin has a structured grammar the likes of which most English-speaking Americans are simply not aware. Modern English has few inflections, mostly relicts, as ox, oxen, goose, geese, while Classical Latin is highly inflected. To a speaker of American English, Classical Latin is a rigid, complex, highly structured, seemingly intimidating language. Many words have the harsh, hard consonants of Classical Latin (with all due respect to Lola Behrens of Manlius High School, old Latin teachers don’t die, they just decline), while others have northern Illinois, more ecclesiastical soft consonants. Some pronunciation guidelines are presented, and more will be added. Even in American English, it is still common today to speak in one manner and write in another. Some authorities say that there were nearly always two Latins, one written or Classical Latin and a second spoken or vulgar Latin, the Latin spoken by the vulgus, the people. (The 60’s were good.) Actually, it never died, for French, Italian, Romanian, Portuguese, and Spanish are some current forms of Vulgar or common spoken Latin. I apologize, for when I studied Latin, it was not dead yet. It is assumed you know your four conjugations with 300 verb forms, and your five declinations, with masculine, feminine, and neuter forms, and 5 to 7 cases, including the nominative, genitive, dative, acusative, and ablative, and have heard about a vocative, and perhaps the locative. (One may see classical Latin or Classical Latin.) Many modern terms have Latin equivalents, but the core vocabulary and grammar are constant. Although Latin did change in post-classical times, reform movements have kept Classical Latin very close to the form it had about 400 A.D. With the exception of the Vatican City, Latin is not used as the language of any country, hence, it is essentially politically neutral and stable. Modern languages are not static, but are changing constantly and evolving rapidly. Latin is used as the standard for scientific description because it is a dead language. It is a Latinization of words originating from roots from many languages. New Latin (sometimes referred to as post-classical Latin, Neo-Latin, Modern Latin, modern Latin, scientific Latin, or botanical Latin) refers to Latin used since the end of the medieval period, in special reference to scientific description and classification. A NEW LATIN FOR DUMMIES, (new dummies for Latin?) With Greek and other sources, some everyday Latin phrases, and a pun or two. WITH MĀLUS TOWARD NONE revised 21 September 2012 With Mālus Toward None Notes on Scientific Names and Roots Copyright pending.
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